From Texas to Rome: The Journey of the 36th Infantry Division
The 36th Infantry Division, known as the "Texas Division," played a crucial role in the Italian Campaign during World War II, fighting from the shores of Salerno to the liberation of Rome. The division, originally formed from Texas and Oklahoma National Guard units, was reactivated in 1940 and became one of the most battle-hardened units in the Mediterranean theater.
Major General Fred L. Walker: A Leader of Distinction
Under the command of Major General Fred L. Walker, the division demonstrated extraordinary resilience, determination, and tactical skill. Walker, a seasoned leader, navigated his men through some of the war’s most challenging battles, from the initial landings at Salerno to the brutal fighting at Monte Cassino and beyond.
Key Battles and Events
1. The Salerno Landings (Operation Avalanche) – September 9, 1943
The 36th Infantry Division was the first U.S. division to land on the European mainland. Facing heavy German resistance at Paestum, the Texans fought fiercely to secure the beachhead, marking the beginning of their long and arduous campaign in Italy.
2. The Capture of Altavilla Silentina (Point 424) – September 13-15, 1943
Altavilla Silentina became a critical objective, with the Texans battling German counterattacks to hold the high ground. Despite intense artillery fire, the division successfully secured Point 424, strengthening the Allied advance inland.
3. The Battle of San Pietro Infine – December 8-17, 1943
San Pietro was a heavily fortified village on the Winter Line, where the 36th Infantry Division endured brutal combat to break through German defenses. It was here that Captain Henry T. Waskow of Belton, Texas, lost his life, an event that war correspondent Ernie Pyle poignantly described, capturing the immense personal sacrifices of the campaign.
4. The Rapido River Disaster – January 20-22, 1944
One of the most tragic and controversial battles of the campaign occurred at the Rapido River (Gari River). The division was ordered to cross under impossible conditions, facing relentless German fire. Despite the soldiers' bravery, the attack resulted in over 2,000 casualties, with little territorial gain. General Walker protested the assault, knowing it was a suicide mission, but higher command insisted on proceeding.
5. Regrouping at Caserta – February 1944
After the devastation at Rapido, the 36th Infantry Division regrouped in Caserta, where exhausted troops received reinforcements and prepared for the next phase of the campaign.
6. The Battle of Anzio – May 1944
At Anzio, the 36th played a vital role in the breakout operations, pushing towards Rome. The division endured months of attrition warfare before finally breaking through German defensive positions.
7. Breaking the Caesar Line – Monte Artemisio – May 30-31, 1944
Monte Artemisio was the last major German defensive line before Rome. The Texans fought fiercely to secure this strategic mountain, opening the final route into the capital.
8. The Liberation of Rome – June 4, 1944
The 36th Infantry Division was among the first U.S. units to enter Rome, a moment of triumph and relief after months of grueling combat. Rome’s fall marked a turning point in the Italian Campaign, though the war was far from over.
Tour Itinerary: Following the Footsteps of the 36th Infantry Division
Day 1: Salerno Beachhead – Paestum – Altavilla Silentina (Point 424)
Walk the Salerno beaches, where the division first landed.
Explore the ancient ruins of Paestum, a silent witness to the battle.
Visit Altavilla Silentina, where the Texans fought to control Point 424.
Day 2: San Pietro Infine – Rapido River – Monte Cassino – Cassino War Cemetery
Experience the ghost village of San Pietro, left in ruins as a war memorial.
Stand by the Rapido River, where so many soldiers gave their lives.
Visit Monte Cassino, the site of some of the most intense fighting of the war.
Honor the fallen at the Cassino War Cemetery.
Day 3: Anzio Beachhead – American Cemetery – Port of Anzio – Capture of Velletri, Monte Artemisio, and Breaking the Hitler Line
Explore the beaches of Anzio, where the division fought to break the stalemate.
Pay respects at the American Cemetery, a solemn reminder of the sacrifices made.
Stand on Monte Artemisio, the final obstacle before the road to Rome.
Personal Stories: Keeping the Memory Alive
The Story of Captain Henry T. Waskow
Captain Henry Waskow of the 36th Infantry Division became an enduring symbol of sacrifice after his death at San Pietro Infine. War correspondent Ernie Pyle’s emotional article about Waskow’s comrades mourning his body deeply resonated with the American public. His story embodies the courage and humanity of the soldiers who fought in Italy.
Frank Moster and 'The Caves of San Pietro'
During my time in Serre, I had the privilege of meeting the Perna family, who shared their memories of Frank Moster, a soldier of the 36th Infantry Division killed near San Pietro Infine on December 9, 1943. His story is beautifully captured in Susan Gayle’s book, "The Caves of San Pietro", which I highly recommend to anyone seeking to understand the personal side of war. (Read more here)
Legacy of the 36th Infantry Division
From Paestum to Rome, the 36th Infantry Division endured some of the most brutal battles of World War II. Their courage, determination, and sacrifice changed the course of history. General Fred Walker's leadership ensured that his men fought with skill and valor, despite the immense hardships they faced.
Today, their legacy lives on through battlefield tours, books, and the memories of the families who retrace their footsteps. The story of the Texas Division is one of fame, glory, and drama, reminding us all of the cost of freedom.